IAS 36 · Workpapers (Step 4 of 5)
Workpaper template
- Course
- Exercises
- Case studies
- Workpapers
- Exams
Recoverable amount: fair value less costs of disposal and value in use
- Prepared by
- AI-assisted draft
- Reviewed by
- Not reviewed — human review required
- Status
- Published
Objective of the workpaper
Determine fair value less costs of disposal (only incremental costs not recognised as liabilities), project the value-in-use cash flows for the asset in its current condition (without uncommitted restructuring, financing or tax), discount them at the pre-tax rate, retain the higher of the two amounts and document the key assumptions.
9 sections · 35 blocks · 7 calculations · 0 entries
- IAS 36 §18
- IAS 36 §19
- IAS 36 §20
- IAS 36 §28
- IAS 36 §30
- IAS 36 §31
- IAS 36 §33
- IAS 36 §34
- IAS 36 §35
- IAS 36
- IAS 36 §39
- IAS 36 §41
- IAS 36 §43
- IAS 36 §44
- IAS 36 §50
- IAS 36 §52
- IAS 36 §55
- IAS 36 §56
- IAS 36 §57
- IAS 36 §130
- IAS 36 §134
Work this workpaper as a mission
Each case that uses this template opens in the mission workspace: data, analysis, calculation, entries, conclusion and review, with your progress saved.
3 instances from the cases: the calculations and entries below are run by the calculation engine.
- File and entity
- Injection press: indications, recoverable amount and revised depreciation
- Case tasks documented here
- Calculate the fair value less costs of disposal of the press.
- Determine the recoverable amount of the press.
Inputs
InputsAsset or unit tested (nature, level of the test)
TextRequired
Date of the test
DateRequired
20X4-12-31
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided)
Number
430,000
Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Table
12,000 | 3,000
Costs excluded from fair value less costs of disposal (termination benefits, subsequent reorganisation)
Table
20,000
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Number
Pre-tax discount rate
Number
Post-tax rate communicated (information: to be converted, never applied as such)
Number
Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Number
480,000
Enter the sum of the present values calculated; the check verifies that it equals them when the cash flows are detailed.
Supporting evidence
EvidenceEvidence obtained and referenced (category, document reference)
EvidenceRequired
Composition of the value-in-use cash flows
AnalysisIAS 36 §30IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36 §35IAS 36 §39IAS 36 §41IAS 36 §43IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §50IAS 36 §52
Checks on the projected cash flows
ChecklistRequired
- Most recent approved budgets, detailed horizon of five years at most unless justified
- Past differences between forecasts and actual flows analysed
- Inflows from use and necessary outflows, including maintenance and attributable overheads
- Receivables and liabilities already recognised excluded
- Asset in its current condition: uncommitted restructuring and enhancements excluded
- Financing and income tax flows excluded
- Net disposal flow at the end of the useful life included, net of costs of disposal
Cash flows and the rate rest on consistent assumptions: an excluded flow (financing, tax) is already reflected in the pre-tax rate (paras. 50 and 51).
Fair value less costs of disposal
AnalysisIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §19IAS 36 §20IAS 36 §28
Checks on fair value less costs of disposal
Checklist
- Only incremental costs not recognised as liabilities are deducted
- Termination benefits and reorganisation following the disposal excluded
- A single measure is enough if it already exceeds the carrying amount
- Fair value not reliably measurable: value in use retained
Recoverable amount
CalculationsIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §28IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §55
Fair value less costs of disposal
Calculation
415,000
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided) ; − Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Present value of the year 1 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 2 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 3 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 4 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 5 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Recoverable amount (the higher of the two amounts)
CalculationRequired
480,000
Fair value less costs of disposal ; Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Cash flow assumptions and discount rate
JudgmentIAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §55IAS 36 §56IAS 36 §57
Reasonableness and supportability of the projections retained
JudgmentRequired
Projections reasonable, supportable and limited to the current condition of the asset / Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Discount rate retained
JudgmentRequired
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows / Starting rate to be adjusted (post-tax, borrowing rate, risks already in the cash flows)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Conclusion
ConclusionConclusion on the recoverable amount and the key assumptions
ConclusionRequired
Disclosures on the recoverable amount
DisclosureIAS 36 §130IAS 36 §134
Items to carry into the note
Checklist
- Recoverable amount and its basis (fair value less costs of disposal or value in use)
- Current and previous discount rate if value in use
- Key assumptions, horizon and growth rate (unit carrying goodwill)
Normative references
ReferencesParagraphs cited in this workpaper (verification status shown from the register)
References
Checks and financial statement impact
- The recoverable amount is determinedPass
- Value in use equals the sum of the detailed present valuesNot evaluated
- Assets
- 0
- Liabilities
- 0
- Profit or loss
- 0
- OCI
- 0
- Equity
- 0
- File and entity
- Value in use of a packaging line: projections, exclusions and rate
- Case tasks documented here
- Calculate the net cash flows used, their present values and the value in use of the line.
- Which discount rate do you use? Why?
- Determine fair value less costs of disposal, the recoverable amount and the impairment loss.
Inputs
InputsAsset or unit tested (nature, level of the test)
TextRequired
Date of the test
DateRequired
20X3-12-31
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided)
Number
2,050,000
Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Table
50,000
Costs excluded from fair value less costs of disposal (termination benefits, subsequent reorganisation)
Table
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
600,000
Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Number
1 years
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
620,000
Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Number
2 years
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
600,000
Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Number
3 years
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
560,000
Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Number
4 years
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
580,000
Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Number
5 years
Pre-tax discount rate
Number
10 %
Post-tax rate communicated (information: to be converted, never applied as such)
Number
7.5 %
Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Number
2,251,262.03
Enter the sum of the present values calculated; the check verifies that it equals them when the cash flows are detailed.
Supporting evidence
EvidenceEvidence obtained and referenced (category, document reference)
EvidenceRequired
Composition of the value-in-use cash flows
AnalysisIAS 36 §30IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36 §35IAS 36 §39IAS 36 §41IAS 36 §43IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §50IAS 36 §52
Checks on the projected cash flows
ChecklistRequired
- Most recent approved budgets, detailed horizon of five years at most unless justified
- Past differences between forecasts and actual flows analysed
- Inflows from use and necessary outflows, including maintenance and attributable overheads
- Receivables and liabilities already recognised excluded
- Asset in its current condition: uncommitted restructuring and enhancements excluded
- Financing and income tax flows excluded
- Net disposal flow at the end of the useful life included, net of costs of disposal
Cash flows and the rate rest on consistent assumptions: an excluded flow (financing, tax) is already reflected in the pre-tax rate (paras. 50 and 51).
Fair value less costs of disposal
AnalysisIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §19IAS 36 §20IAS 36 §28
Checks on fair value less costs of disposal
Checklist
- Only incremental costs not recognised as liabilities are deducted
- Termination benefits and reorganisation following the disposal excluded
- A single measure is enough if it already exceeds the carrying amount
- Fair value not reliably measurable: value in use retained
Recoverable amount
CalculationsIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §28IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §55
Fair value less costs of disposal
Calculation
2,000,000
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided) ; − Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Present value of the year 1 cash flow
Calculation
545,454.55
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 2 cash flow
Calculation
512,396.69
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 3 cash flow
Calculation
450,788.88
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 4 cash flow
Calculation
382,487.54
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 5 cash flow
Calculation
360,134.37
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Recoverable amount (the higher of the two amounts)
CalculationRequired
2,251,262.03
Fair value less costs of disposal ; Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Cash flow assumptions and discount rate
JudgmentIAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §55IAS 36 §56IAS 36 §57
Reasonableness and supportability of the projections retained
JudgmentRequired
Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Projections reasonable, supportable and limited to the current condition of the asset / Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Discount rate retained
JudgmentRequired
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows / Starting rate to be adjusted (post-tax, borrowing rate, risks already in the cash flows)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Conclusion
ConclusionConclusion on the recoverable amount and the key assumptions
ConclusionRequired
Disclosures on the recoverable amount
DisclosureIAS 36 §130IAS 36 §134
Items to carry into the note
Checklist
- Recoverable amount and its basis (fair value less costs of disposal or value in use)
- Current and previous discount rate if value in use
- Key assumptions, horizon and growth rate (unit carrying goodwill)
Normative references
ReferencesParagraphs cited in this workpaper (verification status shown from the register)
References
Checks and financial statement impact
- The recoverable amount is determinedPass
- Value in use equals the sum of the detailed present valuesPass
- Assets
- 0
- Liabilities
- 0
- Profit or loss
- 0
- OCI
- 0
- Equity
- 0
- File and entity
- Professional file: annual impairment review of an industrial group
- Case tasks documented here
- Can the projections of the Pumps unit be used as they stand?
- Calculate the value in use of the Pumps unit.
- Which discount rate do you retain? Reply to management's proposal.
- Determine the recoverable amount of the Pumps unit.
Inputs
InputsAsset or unit tested (nature, level of the test)
TextRequired
Date of the test
DateRequired
20X5-12-31
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided)
Number
8,450,000
Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Table
150,000
Costs excluded from fair value less costs of disposal (termination benefits, subsequent reorganisation)
Table
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
814,000
Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Number
1 years
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
834,900
Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Number
2 years
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
838,530
Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Number
3 years
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
849,178
Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Number
4 years
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
9,663,060
Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Number
5 years
Pre-tax discount rate
Number
10 %
Post-tax rate communicated (information: to be converted, never applied as such)
Number
7.8 %
Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Number
8,640,000
Enter the sum of the present values calculated; the check verifies that it equals them when the cash flows are detailed.
Supporting evidence
EvidenceEvidence obtained and referenced (category, document reference)
EvidenceRequired
Composition of the value-in-use cash flows
AnalysisIAS 36 §30IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36 §35IAS 36 §39IAS 36 §41IAS 36 §43IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §50IAS 36 §52
Checks on the projected cash flows
ChecklistRequired
- Most recent approved budgets, detailed horizon of five years at most unless justified
- Past differences between forecasts and actual flows analysed
- Inflows from use and necessary outflows, including maintenance and attributable overheads
- Receivables and liabilities already recognised excluded
- Asset in its current condition: uncommitted restructuring and enhancements excluded
- Financing and income tax flows excluded
- Net disposal flow at the end of the useful life included, net of costs of disposal
Cash flows and the rate rest on consistent assumptions: an excluded flow (financing, tax) is already reflected in the pre-tax rate (paras. 50 and 51).
Fair value less costs of disposal
AnalysisIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §19IAS 36 §20IAS 36 §28
Checks on fair value less costs of disposal
Checklist
- Only incremental costs not recognised as liabilities are deducted
- Termination benefits and reorganisation following the disposal excluded
- A single measure is enough if it already exceeds the carrying amount
- Fair value not reliably measurable: value in use retained
Recoverable amount
CalculationsIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §28IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §55
Fair value less costs of disposal
Calculation
8,300,000
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided) ; − Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Present value of the year 1 cash flow
Calculation
740,000
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 2 cash flow
Calculation
690,000
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 3 cash flow
Calculation
630,000
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 4 cash flow
Calculation
580,000
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 5 cash flow
Calculation
6,000,000
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Recoverable amount (the higher of the two amounts)
CalculationRequired
8,640,000
Fair value less costs of disposal ; Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Cash flow assumptions and discount rate
JudgmentIAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §55IAS 36 §56IAS 36 §57
Reasonableness and supportability of the projections retained
JudgmentRequired
Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Projections reasonable, supportable and limited to the current condition of the asset / Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Discount rate retained
JudgmentRequired
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows / Starting rate to be adjusted (post-tax, borrowing rate, risks already in the cash flows)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Conclusion
ConclusionConclusion on the recoverable amount and the key assumptions
ConclusionRequired
Disclosures on the recoverable amount
DisclosureIAS 36 §130IAS 36 §134
Items to carry into the note
Checklist
- Recoverable amount and its basis (fair value less costs of disposal or value in use)
- Current and previous discount rate if value in use
- Key assumptions, horizon and growth rate (unit carrying goodwill)
Normative references
ReferencesParagraphs cited in this workpaper (verification status shown from the register)
References
Checks and financial statement impact
- The recoverable amount is determinedPass
- Value in use equals the sum of the detailed present valuesPass
- Assets
- 0
- Liabilities
- 0
- Profit or loss
- 0
- OCI
- 0
- Equity
- 0
Inputs
InputsAsset or unit tested (nature, level of the test)
TextRequired
Date of the test
DateRequired
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided)
Number
Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Table
Costs excluded from fair value less costs of disposal (termination benefits, subsequent reorganisation)
Table
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Number
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year)
Number
Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Number
Pre-tax discount rate
Number
Post-tax rate communicated (information: to be converted, never applied as such)
Number
Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Number
Enter the sum of the present values calculated; the check verifies that it equals them when the cash flows are detailed.
Supporting evidence
EvidenceEvidence obtained and referenced (category, document reference)
EvidenceRequired
Composition of the value-in-use cash flows
AnalysisIAS 36 §30IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36 §35IAS 36 §39IAS 36 §41IAS 36 §43IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §50IAS 36 §52
Checks on the projected cash flows
ChecklistRequired
- Most recent approved budgets, detailed horizon of five years at most unless justified
- Past differences between forecasts and actual flows analysed
- Inflows from use and necessary outflows, including maintenance and attributable overheads
- Receivables and liabilities already recognised excluded
- Asset in its current condition: uncommitted restructuring and enhancements excluded
- Financing and income tax flows excluded
- Net disposal flow at the end of the useful life included, net of costs of disposal
Cash flows and the rate rest on consistent assumptions: an excluded flow (financing, tax) is already reflected in the pre-tax rate (paras. 50 and 51).
Fair value less costs of disposal
AnalysisIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §19IAS 36 §20IAS 36 §28
Checks on fair value less costs of disposal
Checklist
- Only incremental costs not recognised as liabilities are deducted
- Termination benefits and reorganisation following the disposal excluded
- A single measure is enough if it already exceeds the carrying amount
- Fair value not reliably measurable: value in use retained
Recoverable amount
CalculationsIAS 36 §18IAS 36 §28IAS 36 §31IAS 36 §55
Fair value less costs of disposal
Calculation
Fair value (measured under IFRS 13, provided) ; − Incremental costs of disposal not recognised as liabilities (deducted)
Present value of the year 1 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 1 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 1 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 2 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 2 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 2 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 3 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 3 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 3 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 4 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 4 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 4 (in years from the test date)
Present value of the year 5 cash flow
Calculation
Net cash flow of year 5 (current condition, before financing and tax; net disposal flow included in the final year) ; Pre-tax discount rate ; Discount period of year 5 (in years from the test date)
Recoverable amount (the higher of the two amounts)
CalculationRequired
Fair value less costs of disposal ; Value in use retained (sum of the present values below, or amount provided by the valuer)
Cash flow assumptions and discount rate
JudgmentIAS 36 §33IAS 36 §34IAS 36IAS 36 §44IAS 36 §55IAS 36 §56IAS 36 §57
Reasonableness and supportability of the projections retained
JudgmentRequired
Projections reasonable, supportable and limited to the current condition of the asset / Projections adjusted (excluded items or unsupported assumptions)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Discount rate retained
JudgmentRequired
Pre-tax rate reflecting the time value and the specific risks not reflected in the cash flows / Starting rate to be adjusted (post-tax, borrowing rate, risks already in the cash flows)
Rationale: facts relied on, analysis, alternative rejected
TextRequired
Conclusion
ConclusionConclusion on the recoverable amount and the key assumptions
ConclusionRequired
Disclosures on the recoverable amount
DisclosureIAS 36 §130IAS 36 §134
Items to carry into the note
Checklist
- Recoverable amount and its basis (fair value less costs of disposal or value in use)
- Current and previous discount rate if value in use
- Key assumptions, horizon and growth rate (unit carrying goodwill)
Normative references
ReferencesParagraphs cited in this workpaper (verification status shown from the register)
References